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<p><a href="http://www.memphis.edu/et/publications/index.php">Click here for a more complete tutorial.</a></p>

<p>This java applet is an electronic circuit simulator.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>When the applet starts up you will see a
simple LRC circuit.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The green color
indicates positive voltage.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The gray
color indicates ground.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>A red color
indicates negative voltage.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The moving
yellow dots indicate current.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>To turn a switch on or off, just click on it.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>If you move the mouse over any component of
the circuit, you will see a short description of that component and its current
state in the lower right corner of the window.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>To modify a component (say, to change the resistance of one of the
resistors), move the mouse over it, click the right mouse button (or
control-click, if you have a Mac) and select “Edit”.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>There are three graphs at the bottom of the window; these act like
oscilloscopes, each one showing the voltage and current across a particular
component.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Voltage is shown in green,
and current is shown in yellow.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The
current may not be visible if the voltage graph is on top of it.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The peak value of the voltage in the scope
window is also shown.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Move the mouse
over one of the scope views, and the component it is graphing will be
highlighted.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>To modify or remove a
scope, click the right mouse button over it.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>To view a component in the scope, click the right mouse button over the
component and select “View in Scope”.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>If the simulation is moving too slowly or too quickly, you can adjust the
speed with the “Simulation Speed” slider.<o:p></o:p></p>

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<p>The <b>File </b>menu allows you to load or save circuit description
files.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>You can also export a circuit description
as a link so you can share a circuit with others; this link can be optionally
shortened, which is usually better.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>The
<b>Reset </b>button resets the circuit to a reasonable state.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The <b>Run/Stop </b>button allows you to stop
the simulation.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The <b>Simulation Speed</b>
slider allows you to adjust the speed of the simulation.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>If the simulation isn’t time-dependent (that
is, if there are no capacitors, inductors, or time-dependent voltage sources),
then this won’t have any effect.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The <b>Current
Speed</b> slider lets you adjust the speed of the dots, in case the currents
are so weak (or strong) that the dots are moving too slowly (or too quickly).<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>The <b>Circuits menu</b> can be used to view some interesting pre-defined
circuits. Once a circuit is selected, you may modify it all you want.

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>To
add a new component to the circuit, click the right mouse button on an unused
area of the window.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This will bring up a
menu that allows you to select what component you want.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Then click where you want the first terminal
of the component, and drag to where you want the other terminal.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The menu items allow you to create:<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
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<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>resistors; you can adjust the resistance after
creating the resistor by clicking the right mouse button and selecting “Edit”<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>capacitors; you can adjust the capacitance using
“Edit”<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>inductors, switches, transistors, etc.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>voltage sources, in either 1-terminal or
2-terminal varieties.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The 1-terminal
versions use ground as the other terminal.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>By clicking the right mouse button and selecting “Edit”, you can modify
the voltage and the waveform of the voltage source, changing it to DC, AC (sine
wave), square wave, triangle, sawtooth, or pulse.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>If it’s not a DC source, you can also change
the frequency and the DC offset.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>op-amps, with power supply limits of –15V and
15V assumed (not shown).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The limits can
be adjusted using “Edit”.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>text labels, which you can modify with the
“Edit” dialog<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</span></span></span><![endif]>test points; these have no effect on the
circuit, but if you select them and use the right mouse menu item “View in
Scope”, you can view the voltage difference between the terminals.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>Also in the “Other” submenu, there are some items that allow you to click
and drag sections of the circuit around.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>You can drag the circuit around by clicking and dragging with the Alt key
held down.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Zoom in and out with the
mouse wheel or by using the zoom commands in the Edit menu.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>To edit one of the scope views, click the right mouse button on it to view a
menu.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The menu items allow you to remove
a scope view, speed up or slow down the display, adjust the scale, select what
value(s) you want to view, etc.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>The time step size is the time between iterations of the simulator.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Smaller time steps make the simulation more
accurate, but slower.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>A smaller time
step size is required to simulate high frequencies.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>A larger time step size may be appropriate
for circuits that run in real time.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Use <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Edit-&gt;Other Options…</b> to change the
time step size.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>File-&gt;Recover Auto-Save</b> lets
you recover a circuit lost when the simulator window was closed.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>If this doesn’t work, try <b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Edit-&gt;Undo</b> instead.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>File-&gt;Find DC Operating Point</b>
is useful with circuits that take a long time to reach a useful state.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This option instantly charges all the
capacitors.<o:p></o:p></p>

<p>Here are some errors you might encounter when using the simulator:<o:p></o:p></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Voltage
source loop with no resistance!</b> – this means one of the voltage sources in
your circuit is shorted.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Make sure there
is some resistance across every voltage source.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Capacitor
loop with no resistance! </b>– it’s not allowed to have any current loops
containing capacitors but no resistance.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>For example, capacitors connected in parallel are not allowed; you must
put a resistor in series with them.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
</span>Shorted capacitors are allowed.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Singular
matrix!</b> – this means that your circuit is inconsistent (two different
voltage sources connected to each other), or that the voltage at some point is
undefined.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>It might mean that some
component’s terminals are unconnected; for example, if you create an op-amp but
haven’t connected anything to it yet, you will get this error.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><b><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Convergence
failed!</b> – this means the simulator can’t figure out what the state of the
circuit should be.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Just click <b>Reset</b>
and hopefully that should fix it.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Your
circuit might be too complicated, but this happens sometimes even with the
examples.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Transmission
line delay too large! </b>– the transmission line delay is too large compared
to the timestep of the simulator, so too much memory would be required.<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Make the delay smaller.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .25in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><![endif]><b>Need
to ground transmission line! </b>– the bottom two wires of a transmission line
must always be grounded in this simulator.<b><o:p></o:p></b></p>

<p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>

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